The Lacemaker: Close analysis

The work shows a young woman in a room dressed in a yellow shawl bent as she sews the threads of a dress. As you can see, the pale and empty wall in the background intensifies the qualities of the young lacemaker and drives our attention to a physical activity.

Regarding the lady, critics have often said that the lacemaker could be a member of his family circle. Taking into account the date of the painting and the corresponding ages of his eldest daughters, it’s easy to know that the lacemaker was one of them.

At first sight what attract our attention are her eyes which are looking down. This fact shows the great concentration of the lady at work. What’s more, her hairstyle expresses her essential nature and we can appreciate that her dangling locks are quite similar to those of the Young Woman Seated at the Virginal painted in the same years.

After looking at her, we realize that her eyes encourage the viewer to pass on to a more defined middleground. Here is where the activity takes place. Although we cannot see the kind of lace she is making we can draw some conclusions from her tools which Vermeer has drawn with sufficient precision.

The girl rests her hands on light-blue lacemaking pillow. It was used to make shorter pieces or stripes of lace, which seems to be the case in Vermeer’s work. Pricking card is partly visible, fixed on the blue pillow. Little holes are pricked onto this card to establish the desired pattern. Pins are inserted carefully into every hole around which the threads are entwined. Around these pins the threads, furnished by the bobbins, are interwoven and crossed according to the pattern. Apart form that it’s obvious that there is a light from the outside even if there is no window in the painting because it illuminates her hands as well as her face.

In this painting we can also appreciate a mass of red and white threads that stick out from the cushion’s opening. Such cushions were frequently held on the young lady’s lap as a base for her handiwork. The same sewing cushion appears in the Gabriel Metsu’s The Hubter’s Gift.

                                                                                         

Then we find a small book lying on the table which is thought to be a prayer book or small Bible. In this context, the Holy Bible symbolizes domestic virtue which was a fundamental concept in Dutch civil life.

 

Apart from that, the lacemaker sits at a piece of furniture, a triangular table, for lace making and near the table, there is a tapestry which also appears in Vermeer’s Love Letter and the Astronomer.

The floral pattern suggests that it was not a carpet imported from the Far East, but rather a tapestry produced locally in Belgium or the Netherlands.

References:

• Web Gallery of Art.
• http://www.wga.hu/frames-e.html?/html/v/vermeer/03d/30lacem.html

• The Lacemaker by Johannes Vermeer.
• http://www.essentialvermeer.com/catalogue/lacemaker.htm

• Vermeer: The Lacemaker
• http://artchive.com/artchive/V/vermeer/lacemaker.jpg.html

An Introduction to Vermeer’s The Lacemaker

The Lacemaker , the painting I chose in order to do my presentation as well as to write the tale, is a painting by the famous Dutch artist Johannes Vermeer (1632-1675). It was completed between 1669–1670. Nowadays, we can find it in the Louvre Museum, Paris. The work shows a young woman dressed in a yellow shawl bent in concentration as she sews the threads of a dress. At 24.5 cm x 21 cm (9.6 in x 8.3 in), the work is the smallest of Vermeer’s paintings,but in many ways one of his most abstract and unusual.

Regarding technical description, the support is a slightly open, plain-weave canvas. The thin, gray-brown ground contains chalk, lead-white, and umber. The red; pink and light blue areas were painted wet-in-wet. Brushmarks impart texture to the background paint, and impasto touches are found on the highlights. X-radiograph shows a pentimento: the knee was lower so that a triangle of wall was visible under the tabletop. The blue in the tablecloth is discolored. The flattened tacking edges along the left and right sides have been retouched. At the same time, it’s important to mention that things such as tools and threads were painted accurately adding all details.

Concerning the activity that the painting represents, it’s easy to assume that the girl it’s working on lacemaking. This was one of the greatest extravagances in the history of clothing. True lace was not made until the late 15th and early 16th century. In Vermeer’s painting, we can clearly see that the girl is making bobbin lace, which is one kind of lace.

Finally, we realized that unlike other artists, Johannes Vermeer used to sign all his paintings in different ways. The most common are the ones which appear in A Lady Standing at the Virginal,The Girl with a Pearl Earring, Woman with a Pearl Necklace, The Glass of Wine, The Girl with a Glass of Wine and so on. On the contrary, the less common ones appear in The Procuress, The Art of Painting, The Astronomer and Diana and her Companions. So, as you can see the signature of this painting is clearly among the most common ones.

References:

• The Lacemaker (Vermeer). Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia.
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lacemaker_%28Vermeer%29

• The Lacemaker by Johannes Vermeer.
• http://www.essentialvermeer.com/catalogue/lacemaker.html

“The Milkmaid”-by Johannes Vermeer

As you may have guessed after gazing my previous articles, the picture I have been working on during this months has been Vermeer’s “The Milkmaid”. This time, by this article, I will try to develop more in depth the aspects of the picture I analyzed in the 5 minute  presentation  given in class, so that you can understand the artist, the painting and what goes beyond it. Hope you find it interesting!

The Milkmaid is an oil on canvas painting of 45.5 x 41 cm by the famous Dutch painter we have been studying this semester, Johannes Vermeer. The work shows a kitchen maid performing one of her most ordinary duties: the pouring of milk into a container. The picture is held in the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam, Netherlands. Although the exact year of the painting’s completion is unknown, experts determine the years between 1657-1661 as possible dates.

“The Milkmaid” was painted in a time of great wealth and power in the Netherlands, in which trade, art and science developed so much as to be among the most acclaimed in the world. In 1568  The Seven Provinces that signed the Union of Utretcht started a rebellion against Phillip II of Spain which eventually led to the Eighty Years’ War. Before Spain started to   reconquer the Low Countries again, England declared war to Spain. The Eighty Years’ War finally ended with The Peace of Westphalia in 1648, where the peace settlement was signed by Spain and the Republic of   the Seven United Netherlands. The Dutch East India Company settled a Dutch monopoly on Asian trade which prevailed for two centuries. The Dutch also dominated the trade between European countries, by the year 1680 an average of nearly 1000 Dutch ships crossed the Baltic Sea each year.

As we have learned in class, due to the strong doctrines of Calvinism, the artists of the time were not allowed to depicted sex in their paintings. However, Vermeer, along with other artist of the time, knew how to circumvent the censors by leaving subtle symbols that evoke lust or female sexuality. The pouring of milk might have lascivious connotations, the Dutch word for milk “melken” might also be defined as “to sexually attract”. The milkmaid’s body becomes the center of attraction. It was not only the thickness of her waist that attracted the viewer of the time, but also the contrast between the rough leather sleeves with the nudity of her forearm. It seems that Vermeer was well acquainted with the reputation of milkmaids, who were known for their sexual availability. In the end, it is not only the allusions to female sexuality, but also the depiction of an honest and hard working milkmaid that give the picture its romantic or emotional meaning.

To achieve this level of precision, Vermeer used a sophisticated painting technique which was developed and enhanced throughout his life. At first, in his early works he used a thick impasto paint   layer. By using this technique Vermeer puts an emphasis to the materials present in the picture rather than in the characters portrayed. Later he started working with a new technique called “pointillé”, or little dots of paint applied to a canvas in order to obtain a higher level accuracy and detail. Although it is not very clear, some experts maintain that the use of this specific technique along with other visual peculiarities, suggest that Vermeer might have used the “camera obscura”, a precursor to the modern photographic camera, in some of his works.

On the other hand, Vermeer used a few number of pigments if compared to his contemporaries.  However, less than twenty pigments have been detected in Vermeer’s works and ten of those seem to have been of regular usage. As an interesting  fact, in Vermeer’s time each pigment was differed from the other in terms of permanence, drying time and workability.

The difficulty of painting with these pigments was that many of those were often not compatible   with each other and had to be used separately. Although it is unlikely that Vermeer had every pigment in his palette when creating one of his works, it is possible that he had the pigments needed for each part of the    painting he was working at.

Vermeer commonly employed seven different types: white lead, yellow  ochre, vermillion, red madder, green earth, raw umber and ivory black. A interesting detail to tell is that to paint      bluish tones in The Milkmaid, Vermeer used a the  pigment ultramarine, which was more expensive and finer than the commonly used azurite.

If we were to analyze the most important parts of the picture, we could start from the face of the milkmaid. it is important to focus on the light coming from the window and reflecting directly  upon her face in shadows and pale scales therefore, creating an effect of three-dimensionality. For the face Vermeer used small touches of paint like reddish brown, white, light ocher and  brown combined all together. The window becomes another central theme of the picture, providing the portrait with light and luminosity. Vermeer gives importance to little details, thus we  can see a broken piece of glass or the irregularity of the window frame.

The basket and the copper pail next to the window are elements related to the thematic of the painting: the pouring milk. Both being objects used when shopping in the market. The basket is painted using the white, ochre and black, which eventually mingle to adapt to the form of the basket’s wicker.  The milkmaid’s dress is said to be a winter dress due to the amount of layers it has. She wears a robust leather top and a blue apron over a heavy red wool skirt. Taking a close look at the milkmaid’s garment we can see that it was painted applying thick and quick dabs of yellow and brown pigments to give it the rough texture required ( the impasto technique again).

The jar, the vessel, the pieces of bread on the table and the care with which pours the milk are elements that give great meaning to the final composition. These elements  suggest that the woman  was making curd; this might be a possible reason to explain why the milkmaid is pouring the milk with such care. The slightly porous texture of the stoneware and the  “pointillés” used for  painting the bread, give the picture an extraordinary luminosity and lifelikeness.

The decorated tiles in the lower part of the wall behind the milkmaid, served as a skirting that  protected the plaster from the daily damage of brooms and were made tiny works of art of the finest  porcelain. On one of the tiles a Cupid can be appreciated which leads to two different schools of  thought, one supporting an amorous interpretation of it and a more skeptical one, who believes  that those Cupid were symbols often used in the Dutch houses of the time.

To end up with this article it must be said that  the identity of the milkmaid has been a matter of debate for  critics. Some of them have speculated that it was Vermer’s family  maid (hrough some  documents of 1663 it is known her existence and character). In addition, as some of us have mentioned in our Facebook page “Johannes Vermeer’s influence and inspiration ( a view from  Deusto)”,  it is largely known that many of Vermeer’s paintings, after having been exposed to X-rays, have revealed some items which were painted over.  In the case of the picture I have been  analyzing, a clothes basket can be found near the bottom of the painting, behind the maid’s red skirt!

Sources:

• The Essential Vermeer. May 7, 2011 at 16.00 from http://www.essentialvermeer.com/
• Johannes Vermeer. The Milkmaid. Retrieved. May 2 , 2011 at 21:00 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Milkmaid_(Vermeer)
• Johannes Vermeer. Retrieved. May 2, 2011 at 21.00 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Vermeer

The Importance of Money in the 17th century Dutch Society

As an additional article to my review on the picture “Woman Holding a Balance”, I thought it would be helpful to write something about the value of money in the 17^th century Dutch society. In fact, money must have had a great importance in the Netherlands at that time, since so many painters used to depict people weighing material with scales and balances as, among others, Gerrit Dou, Pieter de Hooch, and Quentin Massys.

"The Moneylender", by Gerrit Dou

The balance traditionally symbolizes justice; after all, to judge is to weigh. However, it seems that the pans of the balance in Vermeer’s work are empty, and they are almost in equilibrium. For a long time, every district in the United Provinces had its system of measures and weights. Weighing coins was actually a way to prevent falsifiers from clipping the coins in order to save money. Money scales had to follow a standard form in the Netherlands at that time. One of the pans of the balance had to be rounded so as to weigh the appropriate denomination of the coin, whereas the other pan had to be triangular to hold the coin itself.

An old balance

The box where scales were kept included the name of the maker and the weights of the balance. Vermeer depicted every single object to detail in his paintings. It was the government’s duty to regulate manufacturers of money scales to make sure they were prudently used, and many of these boxes were marked by passages from the Bible which emphasized fair and just weighing as, for instance, passages from Deuteronomy and Leviticus.

"Moneylender and Wife", by Quentin Massys

Coins in the 17^th century were much softer than they are today, and it was very common and easy for thieves to clip and falsify them. Rather than for its face value, a coin was worth the weight of its material, usually precious metal. Therefore, it was the duty of household ladies to count their money periodically, weighing all the coins in order to establish their real worth. Although there were various types of coins in circulation during that time, the ducat was the most common one. In Europe, two silver ducats were worth one golden ducat.

Dutch 17th century ducats

Silver had indeed become available in huge quantities all around the world, and that is why the period of time was also known as the Silver Century. Silver had become the universal measure of wealth, although it was mainly used for decorative and ornamental purposes. The main suppliers of silver were Japan and South America, and business transactions were normally done in silver.

"Still-life with a Chinese Porcelain Jar", by Willem Kalf

The Chinese were not interested in making transactions with Europeans, so they accumulated huge amounts of silver, because they accepted the material as a mode of pay for their porcelain, silk and other exotic goods they produced. Curiously enough, the silver that came to the ports of Amsterdam and London came from the Spanish mines in Peru, rather than from the mines in Germany and Austria.

References:

• Essential Vermeer, Woman Holding a Balance. Retrieved 11:20, April 15, 2011 from http://www.essentialvermeer.com/
• Wikipedia, Dutch Guilder. Retrieved 13:00, April 15, 2011 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_guilder
• Life in the 17th century. Retrieved 1o:45, April 16, 2011 from http://www.localhistories.org/stuart.html

“The Milkmade” (story)

The summer of 1658 had just arrived. The inmense heat occupied all the house and made Isabella sweat. She had arrived to that house from a far-away country some weeks ago and as she had not have the chance to study a good career, she had travelled abroad and had arrived to that little town hoping life would smile at her and she would be able to find a decent job. Everyday she tried to serve the familily the best she could, as she really needed the money she was paid for her services.

She did not have more clothes than those she had on the day she had arrived: a red skirt, a white shirt, a yellow sweater, a blue apron and a white headscarf, which helped her to gather her hair and maintain the hygiene in the kitchen. Every night she had to wash everything to put them on again in morning.

Once she got herself washed, she took her milk pot and went walking to a little house in the middle of the countryside in which cows, sheeps and goats grazed. By the time she arrived, the shepherd had already milked his animals and she would buy him the milk of the cows to make breaksfast for the family she worked for. Sometimes, she would also buy the milk of the sheeps and goats with which she would make cheese and curds. She was very good at making desserts. Isabella had learned from her grandmother how to make homemade curd and every Sunday the family had it for lunch. The technique was easy: a) she boiled the milk, b) she poured it into little containers, c) she let it cool, d) she added a drop of rennet in each container, e) she stirred it a little bit and f) she let it thicken.

Next to the house where she worked, there was a farm which grew chicken. She used to go there sometimes and used to buy eggs and some chicken, and as she dare not kill it, she would order it and pick it already stripped the following day.

Once a week it was usual to hear a towncrier in the streets. Who was it? It was a fisherman who with his boat and his rod used to obtain fishes from the sea and the river. When they heard his voice, the town women, Isabella among them, used to run to his encounter to buy some fish. Being Isabella a unbeatable cook, she would prepare different and succulent dishes containing it.

By nine o’clock in the morning the family, that is, the masters and their children, went down from their bedrooms to have breakfast in the dining room: scrambled eggs and milk or coffee. After that, the house would remain empty. The masters and the children would go to church. That was the time of the day in which Isabella would do the houseworks: open the windows to refresh the house, make the beds, sweep the floor of the bedrooms, clean the dust, etc.

The majority of the neighbours worked the land and harvested wheat and corn. In general, all of them owned a vegetable garden where they grew onions, garlic, lettuce, carrots, potatoes, leeks and also fruits like apples, plums and oranges.

In the midst of all those fields a stream ran vividly and when its water arrived to a pile of pebbles, it jumped in such a way that it was a reminiscent of a waterfall.

When Isabella walked the way down the river she would find the mill where the wheat and the corn were crushed and there she would buy the flour to cook bread, cakes and pastries. Later, she would buy the necessary vegetables to prepare Sunday’s lunch.

When the masters and their children arrived home, they would found a delicious meal on their dining room: homemade bread, vegetable soup, chicken and what it was typical of every Sunday, curd with cherry. As the days passed, the masters were happier and happier with Isabella’s work and that is why appart from increasing her salary, they gave her some extra money for her to buy new clothes so that she did not have to wash every night the only ones she had.

Isabella used to save part of her salary with the purpose of visiting her family at least once a year. Another part she saved to send it to her elderly parents, who never did spend it. Instead they would put the money in a little bag waiting for the moment when they would give it back to Isabella.

Isabella lived happily in the house where she worked. When she finished working and the children came back from school, after giving them something to eat, the three of them would play hide-and-seek out in the yard. They would also sit on the swings and she would push them.

The years passed and the day arrived when the children had to go to university and the master of the house had to move to a bigger bank in another country, so the lady of the house quit her job to move with her husband and her children to a new place.. Isabella was already old and felt weak and tired and decided to return back home with her parents. With the money they had collected in that little bag, the three of them went on a trip to visit the capital of their country, where they had not been and which they had not seen before.